The New Monarchies

Historians have identified changes in some of Europe’s leading monarchies from the mid-fifteenth to mid-sixteenth centuries, and have termed the result the ‘New Monarchies’. The kings and queens of these nations gathered more power, ended civil conflicts and encouraged trade and economic growth in a process seen to end the medieval style of government and create an early modern one. Achievements of the New Monarchies The change in monarchy from medieval to early modern was accompanied by the accumulation of more power by the throne, and an according decline in the power of the aristocracy. The ability to raise and fund armies were restricted to the monarch, effectively ending the feudal system of military responsibility on which noble pride and power had been largely based for centuries. In addition, powerful new standing armies were created by the monarchs to secure, enforce and protect their kingdoms and themselves.  Nobles now had to serve on the royal court, or make purchases, for offices, and those with semi-independent states, such as the Dukes of Burgundy in France, were bought firmly under crown control. The church also experienced a loss of power – such as the ability to appoint important offices - as the new monarchs took firm control, from the extreme of England which broke with Rome, to France which forced the Pope to agree on a transfer of power to the king.Centralized, bure aucratic government emerged, allowing for a much more efficient and widespread tax collection, necessary to fund the army and projects which promoted the monarch’s power. Laws and feudal courts, which had often been devolved to the nobility, were transferred to the power of the crown and royal officers increased in number. National identities, with people beginning to recognize themselves as part of a country, continued to evolve, promoted by the power of the monarchs, although strong regional identifies remained. The decline of Latin as the language of government and elites, and its replacement by vernacular tongues, also promoted a greater sense of unity. In addition to expanding tax collection, the first national debts were created, often via arrangements with merchant bankers.​ Created by War? Historians who accept the idea of the New Monarchies have sought for the origins of this centralizing process. The main driving force is usually claimed to be the military revolution – itself a highly disputed idea – where the demands of growing armies stimulated the growth of a system which could fund and safely organize the new military. But growing populations and economic prosperity have also been cited, fuelling the royal coffers and both allowing and promoting the accumulation of power. Who Were the New Monarchies? There was massive regional variation across the kingdoms of Europe, and the successes and failures of the New Monarchies varied. England under Henry VII, who unified the country again after a period of civil war, and Henry VIII, who reformed the church and empowered the throne, is usually cited as an example of a New Monarchy. The France of Charles VII and Louis XI, who broke the power of many nobles, is the other most common example, but Portugal is also commonly mentioned. In contrast, the Holy Roman Empire - where an emperor ruled a loose grouping of smaller states - is the exact opposite of the New Monarchies’ achievements. Effects of the New Monarchies The New Monarchies are often cited as being a key enabling factor in the massive maritime expansion of Europe which occurred in the same era, giving first Spain and Portugal, and then England and France, large and wealthy overseas empires. They are cited as setting the groundwork for the rise of the modern states, although it’s important to stress they were not ‘nation states’ as the concept of the nation was not fully advanced.

The Role Of Social Media On Cyber Crime - 963 Words

The Role of Social Media in Cyber Crime In this essay I want to describe my research about the role of social media in cyber-crime. I believe that social media represents a massive opportunity for committing lots of different types of cyber-crime. In fact these days all of us are already aware of social media and social networking, we all have at least one account in a social network and we make friends with all sorts of people even who we do not personally know. I am tempted to say that we know everything about social media and social networks but having studied cyber-crime, I’m not too sure if we all are actually aware of the social scams that can happen anytime to anybody. Some of these social scams are very successful and very easy to do. It’s not just us who love the social platforms. Cyber criminals find them a good opportunity to commit crimes, and I’m saying it with all confidence that this is no more an assumption, but a reality. There are few valid reasons why the social networking sites are a favourite with cyber criminals. In an attempt to find an answer to ‘Why cyber criminals love social media?’ I found a whole bunch of reasons. Here are the few most obvious ones. 1 Booming social media popularity This one is quite obvious, if you think about social media on a global scale, everybody uses it, and even big businesses got involved who invest incredible amounts of money in order to promote their products and services, no wonder why it is booming rapidly. 2 TheShow MoreRelatedThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Social Media701 Words   |  3 PagesSOCIAL MEDIA Social media is an application. Social media is a means of displaying and interacting with each other by sharing information, sharing text, sharing photos, sharing sounds, and sharing videos. Social media is also a means to participate, and socialize through online sites without being limited space and time. 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New Zest Sedan for Indian Auto Expo - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNew Zest Sedan for Indian Auto Expo. Answer: Introduction: The Indian car organization Tata Motors, produced a Tata Zest, which is a compiled and compact Sedan that was promoted at the Indian Auto Expo in 2014 alongside, a hatchback version of the same named as Tata Boltz was also revealed on the same platform. This is an initiation using the HORIZONEXT umbrella for the organization. The Zest is a segment of Tata Falcon Program, which is again based on the pre-existing and available platforms as was for Vista and Manza were built. The car is constructed by the organization at the Ranjangaon Factory as is for Fiat. The Zest is available in the market in the diesel and petrol versions as Fiat, a 1.3 litre Quadra-jet diesel motor while the petrol version comprise the new Revotron, which is available with a manual automation for the diesel version ("Tata Motors unveils sedan Zest, hatchback Bolt- Business News", 2017). This report provides an insight about the market position, strategies and acceptance of the launched Zest Sedan through a detail ed research on the same. Discussion: The term Zest significantly reflects the enthusiasm in the daily life, this projects the a sense of excitement, projecting an energetic and upgraded version for the cars. The Zest sedan and its hatch back versions both the cars are entirely based on the organizations improvised X1 platform as pre-mentioned ("Zica Dawn of A New Era for Tata Motors?", 2017). The cars revolve around new introduced features inclusive of the specific Electronic Power Assisted System (EPAS). These customized cars have been constructed, based on the engineering that would make them potential for the global markets via the existing global teams or groups across UK, India and Korea for improvising their standards relative to the various present segments. The EPAS enabled system for the engines are also provided with an active return feature and a sensitive speed relative to power steering. The other relevant and major feature list involves the Anti-Lock Breaking System (ABS) and the stability characteristic. Target Market Alternatives: In the third largest economy belonging to Asia, comprise a slow growing economic area. The interest from the consumer level indicates the maximum use of small cars, charting as the biggest sellers in the market owing to the market and the population standards (Nielsen Wilhite, 2015). The compact sedan launched by the Tata Motors group and the corresponding hatch was presented as one of the biggest opportunities from a brand position or market positioning viewpoint. This was well coated and described by the senior vice president of the company. The Tata Motors have launched their products with various salient and new features on a positive as is much required for the organization, while it does not really matter on which segment they target or focus. The company still has not yet promoted the new Tata brand supporting the passenger vehicle since the Aria of the company since 2010 (Nielsen Wilhite, 2016). The Tata Motors have accounted huge losses in the domestic area of operations w hile the relative JLR sales in a wqay have rescued the organization in the target to sustain profitability. Automobile industry remains in a low level compared to other internal market. The Tata Motors is improvising its trails on electric buses following the development of the plug-in versions relative to Bolt and Tiago models. Population Definition: A research population can be referred to a well-organized and described collection of people or individuals and even objects, which are known to have similar features (Zikmund et al., 2013). All the individuals collected under a categorized population generally possess common traits or goals. The interest of the small cars are generally categorized as the top sellers in countries wherein, most of the population desires and demands for cheaper version and a fuel efficient compact vehicles as the roads considered in such countries are at most of the times clogged with traffic and the parking allotment is a difficulty in such countries. The rising of interest rates as well as the fuel cost ranging higher in Asia, which as pre-mentioned is the third largest economy, witnessing possibly the slowest pace have in a way, provoked the customers or the population to pose a delay I the field o purchasing the bigger luxury versions or the commodities that are launched (Sinha, 2016). The trial version by the Tata Motors would enable the Indians to gain a leao regarding the electric vehicle space as high range in demands might minimize the costs. Sampling Frame: In relevance to statistics, sampling frame could be defined as the material, which is a resource or a tool from which a sample is derived. It generally refers to a list of all the individuals or commodities present within a certain limit of the population who can be generated or customized as a sample (Sekaran Bougie, 2016). This purpose can be served inclusive of individuals, institutions or any household commodities. A sampling unit might be dedicated to division of the aggregate for the purpose of the same, wherein, a particular unit is possibly regarded relatively as an individual and is indivisible on the selection mode. Sampling Approach: There primarily three major types of approaches regarding the sampling agenda relative to quality betterment of any commodity subjected to research (Patten Newhart, 2017). The prime types are the sampling for purpose, quota and snow-bailing sampling. The respective choices for the approach are firstly the reasons for the chosen research methodology and the purposeful approach is majorly most common. While, secondly, the approach of snow bail sampling is a chain referral method used in the sampling set for the research of a commodity and finally the quota sampling provides the researcher chances of selecting cases comprised within various sub-groups available for research (Babin Zikmund, 2015). Effectiveness of Sampling Approach in Research: Various sampling techniques can be applied, which proves to be an effective methodology to obtain options comprising a wider range of consumers or population, a specific team or a group, providing ways to discover the desires and demands about a certain amount of individuals. This serves as a market research tool for the better understanding of the market targeted for the increment in profitability and evaluate the business ideas (McDaniel Gates, 2012). The suggestive techniques include cluster, convenience, judgment, quota, random and systematic sampling approaches. the tabulated information would help in understanding the effectiveness of the approaches. Sampling Approaches Benefits Cluster A quick and expensive methodology to conduct a research without considering a wide population Convenience Easiest approach by availing resources and henceforth, business fledgling with lower budget and loads of data is possible Judgment Proves to be useful for those seeking valuable and relevant case studies for analysis Quota The conduct process involves the division of the population depending on major variables in order to understand population Random Is useful in determining both the estimation of population and the sampling defects Systematic This technique ensures the distribution of the sample across the target market Table:1 Conclusion: The prime or the major methodology to long haul for any business sustainability is the better and proper understanding of the target market and availing the opportunities present for the business in the real time situation. For constructing a sustainable foundation and the profitability of the same, market researching is essential, as it serves as a tool for making a better-informed and structured business decision. Sample designs and the sizes are again a priority for deciding the sampling techniques associated with the venture and as per the set objectives for the target market to increase the profitability. References: Babin, B. J., Zikmund, W. G. (2015).Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. McDaniel, C., Gates, R. (2012).Marketing research essentials. Wiley Global Education. Nielsen, K. B., Wilhite, H. (2015). The rise and fall of the people's car: middle-class aspirations, status and mobile symbolism in New India.Contemporary South Asia,23(4), 371-387. Nielsen, K. B., Wilhite, H. (2016). 10 The rise and fall of the peoples car.Cars, Automobility and Development in Asia: Wheels of Change, 171. Patten, M. L., Newhart, M. (2017).Understanding research methods: An overview of the essentials. Taylor Francis. Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2016).Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Sinha, D. (2016).India Reloaded: Inside Indias Resurgent Consumer Market. Springer. Tata Motors unveils sedan Zest, hatchback Bolt- Business News. (2017).Businesstoday.in. Retrieved 11 October 2017, from https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/auto/tata-motors-new-sedan-zest-hatchback-bolt-unveiled-auto-expo/story/202919.html Zica Dawn of A New Era for Tata Motors?. (2017). Retrieved 11 October 2017, from Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., Griffin, M. (2013).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Othello - Change Of Characters Essays - Othello, Iago,

Othello - Change of Characters Othello's character during the play is first shown as a hero of war and a man of great pride and courage. The other main characters in the play all form their own opinions of him and as the play continues, his character begins to deteriorate and become less noble. Chronologically through the play Othello's character changes from a flawless military leader, to become a murderer. Also as the play progresses, the other characters in the play change their opinions of Othello which causes the plot to happen the way it did. Throughout the first act of the play, Othello was shown as many different characters depending on who was speaking. Iago complains of Othello's pride and "bombast circumstance" and is angered by the appointment of Cassio, and educated military theoretician of Florence to lieutenant, instead of himself. Although he knows Othello is a proud man, his open and trusting nature in the beginning of the play will be eroded by the conclusion of the plot. As Iago is speaking to Brabantio about Othello, he uses the term "white ewe" to represent Desdemona, and "black ram" when referring to Othello. By using these terms, it shows that he is trying to give a bad impression of Othello when he is speaking to the royal family in Venice, because Othello is a Moor or a Negro. Iago shows his black hatred for the Moor, and his jealousy of Cassio in his first soliloquy and also reveals his evil intentions. As the act continues and Othello is being searched for by a group of people, Iago attempts to incite Othello into anger against Brabantio, but Othello does not take the bait. He feels that he (Brabantio) may do his worst because Othello is assured that his military services to the government will outweigh Brabantio's complaints of him marrying Desdemona. These answers to Iago's persistence show that he is still a character of calmness and dignity, and he still has the self-assurance suitable to command armies of men. When Othello is found by Cassio, he seems to be relieved because he does not like personal conflict, which would have occurred if Brabantio had found him instead. After he is found, Othello is taken to Brabantio where he is interrogated on how he possessed Desdemona enough in order to make her run off with him. Brabantio damns Othello and calls him an enchanter, saying that the "tender, fair, and happy" Desdemona was too shy of marriage, which is why she shunned all of the suitors sent to her. This entire scene helps to establish Othello as an alert and composed leader. Later in this act, Othello offers to explain how he won Desdemona. He chooses not to contradict or deny that he has used "magic" but when the true meaning of the "magic" comes to light it is shown that he used the magic of love and not a conjured magic. Iago also suspects Othello of having some kind of relationship with his own wife, although he doesn't know or even seem to care whether or not his suspicions have any foundation at all. Again, according to Iago, Othello is an "ass" because he has a "free and open nature." This act works as an introduction to the Othello character and shows how other characters react to his presence in different ways. The remaining acts of the play continue to show how the characters react to Othello's lifestyle changes. Even though he must rid Cassio of his lieutenant responsibilities forever, Othello explains how he still loves him. If it were up to him Othello would have reinstated Cassio at the first opportunity, but this would be bad political practice. He wishes to appease Desdemona by doing this but he realizes that he can't. These practices show that he is a good governor and does not wish to arouse hostilities in the city, with an untimely pardon of Cassio. Desdemona tells Emilia that Othello is not the jealous type, which Othello believes to be true himself. However, as the play progresses through Act 3, Othello talks to Iago telling him that their prior conversation gave him reason to suspect Desdemona's motives. As